A presently creeping section of the Aleutian subduction zone fault could potentially generate an earthquake great enough to send a large tsunami across the Pacific to Hawaii according to recent fieldwork in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. The new evidence, announced by
A presently creeping section of the Aleutian subduction zone fault could potentially generate an earthquake great enough to send a large tsunami across the Pacific to Hawaii according to recent fieldwork in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands.
The new evidence, announced by the American Geophysical Union Tuesday, comes from a remote island near Dutch Harbor, Alaska, which provides geological data to aid tsunami hazard preparedness efforts around the Pacific Rim.
These findings, published by a team of scientists led by U.S. Geological Survey geologist Rob Witter in “Geophysical Research Letters,” a journal of the American Geophysical Union, present strong evidence for prehistoric tsunamis in the Aleutian Islands, and call for a reevaluation of earthquake and tsunami hazards along this part of the eastern Aleutian subduction zone.
Creeping faults exhibit slow, continuous motion along them. Because the two tectonic plates are not fully locked by friction, it is unclear whether or not creeping faults can host large earthquakes. Geological observations at Stardust Bay, Alaska point toward previously unrecognized tsunami sources along a presently creeping part of the Aleutian subduction zone.
The study site, Stardust Bay, faces a creeping part of the eastern Aleutian subduction zone, which is sandwiched between the rupture areas of historical earthquakes in 1946 and 1957 that generated tsunamis with devastating consequences to coastal communities around the Pacific Ocean. This study is the first to identify geological evidence for repeated prehistoric tsunamis along a creeping part of the eastern Aleutian subduction zone located between the 1946 and 1957 earthquakes.
Prevailing scientific models about earthquake generation are challenged when it comes to forecasting earthquake probabilities where observations indicate a creeping megathrust (the gently-dipping fault between converging tectonic plates, where one plate is thrust below the other). Usually, scientific models forecast the highest seismic hazard where the tectonic plates are locked together.
The new evidence includes six sand sheets deposited up to 50 feet above sea level by past large tsunamis that probably were generated by great Aleutian earthquakes, and indicate a previously unknown tsunami source that poses a new hazard to the Pacific basin.
Using hand-driven cores, augers, and shovels to reveal the sediments blanketing a lowland facing the Pacific Ocean, and using radiocarbon dating to estimate the times of sand sheet deposition, scientists established a geologic history of past large tsunamis.
These geological observations indicate large tsunamis in the eastern Aleutians have recurred every 300–340 years on average, and provide additional field-based information that is relevant to new tsunami evacuation zone maps for Hawaii.
